Aerosol characteristics and surface radiative forcing components during a dust outbreak in Gwangju, Republic of Korea

Atmospheric surface aerosol radiative forcing (SARF) ΔF, forcing efficiency ΔF_e and fractional forcing efficiency ΔFF_e evaluated from cloud-screened narrowband spectral and thermal-offset-corrected radiometric observations during the Asia dust outbreak episodes in Gwangju, Republic of Korea are reported in this study. Columnar aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth (AOD), τ _aλ, Angstrom exponent α, mass concentration of fine and coarse mode particles) were also reported for the station between January 2000 and May 2001 consisting of 211cloud-free days. Results indicate that majority of the AOD were within the range 0.25–0.45 while some high aerosol events in which AODs ≥ 0.6 were observed during the severe dust episodes. For example, AOD increases from annual average value of 0.34 ± 0.13 at 501 nm to values >0.60 during the major dust events of March 27–30 and April 7–9, 2000, respectively. The α _{501–870 nm} which is often used as a qualitative indicator of aerosol particle size had values ranging from 0.01 to 1.77. The diurnal forcing efficiency ΔDF_e at Gwangju was estimated to be −81.10 ± 5.14 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} and −47.09 ± 2.20 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} for the total solar broadband and visible band pass, respectively while the fractional diurnal forcing efficiency ΔFDF_e were −15.8 ± 0.64%/τ _{501 nm} and −22.87 ± 1.13%/τ _{501 nm} for the same band passes. Analyses of the 5-day air-mass back trajectories were further developed for Gwangju in order to classify the air-mass and types of aerosol reaching the site during the Asia dust episodes.     

Aerosol effects on ozone concentrations in Beijing: A model sensitivity study

Most previous O₃ simulations were based only on gaseous phase photochemistry. However, some aerosol-related processes, namely, heterogeneous reactions occurring on the aerosol surface and photolysis rate alternated by aerosol radiative influence, may affect O₃ photochemistry under high aerosol loads. A three-dimensional air quality model, Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality-Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization, and Dissolution, was employed to simulate the effects of the above-mentioned processes on O₃ formation under typical high O₃ episodes in Beijing during summer. Five heterogeneous reactions, i.e., NO₂, NO₃, N₂O₅, HO₂, and O₃, were individually investigated to elucidate their effects on O₃ formation. The results showed that the heterogeneous reactions significantly affected O₃ formation in the urban plume. NO₂ heterogeneous reaction increased O₃ to 90 ppb, while HO₂ heterogeneous reaction decreased O₃ to 33 ppb. In addition, O₃ heterogeneous loss decreased O₃ to 31 ppb. The effects of NO₂, NO₃, and N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions showed opposite O₃ concentration changes between the urban and extra-urban areas because of the response of the reactions to the two types of O₃ formation regimes. When the aerosol radiative influence was included, the photolysis rate decreased and O₃ decreased significantly to 73 ppb O₃. The two aerosol-related processes should be considered in the study of O₃ formation because high aerosol concentration is a ubiquitous phenomenon that affects the urban- and regional air quality in China.     

Direct radiative forcing of urban aerosols over Pretoria (25.75°S, 28.28°E) using AERONET Sunphotometer data: First scientific results and environmental impact

The present study uses the data collected from Cimel Sunphotometer of Aerosol Robotic Network（AERONET） for the period from January to December, 2012 over an urban site,Pretoria（PTR; 25.75°S, 28.28°E, 1449 m above sea level）, South Africa. We found that monthly mean aerosol optical depth（AOD, τa） exhibits two maxima that occurred in summer（February） and winter（August） having values of 0.36 ± 0.19 and 0.25 ± 0.14,respectively, high-to-moderate values in spring and thereafter, decreases from autumn with a minima in early winter（June） 0.12 ± 0.07. The Angstrom exponents（α440–870） likewise,have its peak in summer（January） 1.70 ± 0.21 and lowest in early winter（June） 1.38 ± 0.26,while the columnar water vapor（CWV） followed AOD pattern with high values（summer） at the beginning of the year（February, 2.10 ± 0.37 cm） and low values（winter） in the middle of the year（July, 0.66 ± 0.21 cm）. The volume size distribution（VSD） in the fine-mode is higher in the summer and spring seasons, whereas in the coarse mode the VSD is higher in the winter and lower in the summer due to the hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles.The single scattering albedo（SSA） ranged from 0.85 to 0.96 at 440 nm over PTR for the entire study period. The averaged aerosol radiative forcing（ARF） computed using SBDART model at the top of the atmosphere（TOA） was- 8.78 ± 3.1 W/m2, while at the surface it was- 25.69 ± 8.1 W/m2 leading to an atmospheric forcing of ＋ 16.91 ± 6.8 W/m2, indicating significant heating of the atmosphere with a mean of 0.47 K/day.     

中国硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应性质与地表反射率的关系

地表反射率是影响硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应的重要参数.本研究在MODIS地表反射率数据和中国二氧化硫排放清单数据的基础上,应用CanMETOP模型和SBDART模型,模拟地表反射率、纬度和直接辐射效应之间的关系,并对中国硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应性质进行分析.结果表明,部分冬季积雪或终年冰雪覆盖的地区,其硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应为正.该研究结果对硫酸盐气溶胶及其气候效应研究具有重要意义.     

基于NPP/VIIRS夜光遥感数据的淮安市夜间PM2.5浓度估算研究

PM_2.5是大气的重要污染物,掌握其空间分布对于大气污染防控具有重要意义．目前,PM_2.5遥感监测主要围绕卫星反演的日间AOD数据开展,无法反映夜间大气污染的空间格局．以2019年9—12月NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光影像和空气质量站点PM_2.5观测数据对江苏省淮安市夜间PM_2.5浓度进行估算研究．基于辐射传输方程分析夜间灯光辐射与PM_2.5浓度之间的关系,在此基础上综合考虑灯光辐射直接衰减和散射补偿确定了计算夜间PM_2.5浓度的空间自变量,运用多元线性回归模型（MLR）、随机森林（RF）、Cubist、极端梯度提升树（XGBoost）、神经网络（NNet）、支持向量机（SVM）及最近邻法（KNN）算法构建夜间PM_2.5浓度遥感估算模型．结果表明,多元线性归回模型精度明显低于各个机器学习模型,所有模型中SVM模型精度最高,决定系数R²为0.77,平均绝对误差MAE为20.83μg·m^-3,均方...     

西安冬季大气棕碳光学特征及辐射强迫

为探讨西安冬季不同大气污染状况（污染天和清洁天）大气细粒子（PM_2.5）及其一次棕碳（BrC_pri）和二次棕碳（BrC_sec）的光学特征及辐射效应,开展了高分辨率多波段光学参数观测,获得PM_2.5多波段光学吸收系数（b_abs）,通过进一步数据分析得到BrC_pri和BrC_sec的光谱依赖指数（AAE）及其相对黑碳（BC）的辐射强迫.结果显示,污染天时段370nm光学吸收（b_abs（370））和880nm光学吸收（b_abs（880））均值分别为（733±311） Mm^-1和（185±80） Mm^-1,分别高出清洁天约5.9倍和6.2倍.清洁天PM_2.5的AAE1.08~2.09,变化幅度大于污染天（1.28~1.79）.清洁天棕碳光学吸收（b_abs（BrC））在370nm波长对总吸收占比高于污染天,均超过30%.一次棕碳光学吸收（b_abs（BrC_pri））在清洁天和污染天均对b_abs（BrC）呈现高贡献,占比范围分别为76%~86%和82%~91%,说明一次排放仍然是造成西安冬季污染的重要原因.清洁天BrC、BrC_pri和BrC_sec的AAE均值分别为4.42、4.31和4.78,均高于污染天,说明清洁天粒子等效直径相对较小,老化程度较高导致BrC的高光谱依赖性.b_abs（BrC_sec）日间变化表明污染天凌晨高湿条件下的液相反应可能是BrC_sec形成的主要机制,比清洁天更为强烈,而污染天日间BrC_sec受光漂白的影响较大.最后估算了BrC_pri和BrC_sec的辐射强迫效应,在紫外波段（300~400nm）,污染天BrC_pri和BrC_sec相对BC的辐射强迫分别为62%和16%,而清洁天分别为59%和23%,表明BrC_pri和BrC_sec在西安冬季的辐射强迫效应不容忽视.     

区域污染对本底地区气溶胶光学特性及辐射强迫影响的地基和卫星遥感观测研究

基于华北区域大气本底站(北京上甸子站)地面观测和卫星遥感监测数据,分析了2011年10月1~15日在天气系统和人为污染物排放的影响下3次华北平原地区污染输送事件对本底地区气溶胶质量浓度及其光学特性的显著影响.结果表明,受人为污染事件输送影响,上甸子站10月4~5日、7~9日及11~12日气溶胶浓度和反应性气体浓度显著增加,和10月1~3日背景条件相比,反应性气体NOx、CO体积浓度增加3~6倍,SO2体积浓度增加了10~20倍;PM2.5质量浓度10月9日达到200μg·m-3;污染期间500 nm日平均气溶胶光学厚度达到0.60~1.00,气溶胶单次散射反照率低于0.88,黑碳浓度增加4~8倍,表明此次污染事件气溶胶吸收很强,因气溶胶吸收作用导致大气吸收太阳辐射增加100~400 W·m-2,气溶胶吸收和散射导致地表入射太阳辐射下降100~300 W·m-2,地表入射太阳辐射减弱且大气加热增强将导致大气稳定度增加,这可能将显著影响云和降水过程,对区域天气和气候产生重要影响.     

大气可降水量卫星遥感反演不确定性对太阳总辐射模拟的影响

辐射传输方程模拟法作为一种较为准确有效的太阳总辐射间接获得方法,其模拟精度受到代入方程的大气参数精度的影响。论文通过将香港2005—2013年卫星遥感反演的大气可降水量产品与地面站数据对比,以68.3%的置信水平分析了卫星遥感反演的大气可降水量的不确定性;并通过收集2005—2013年香港其他影响大气上界太阳辐射到达地表的大气参数,如气溶胶光学厚度、气溶胶单次散射反照率、臭氧含量综合模拟大气环境,确定了大气可降水量的不确定性在夏季和冬季对太阳总辐射模拟（250~2 800 nm）造成的相对误差。研究结果表明,受大气可降水量不确定性影响,使用辐射传输方程法模拟获得的太阳总辐射有1%~3%的相对误差。使用该方法冬季受大气可降水量不确定性影响程度比夏季大。决定相对误差大小的主要因素是波长,大气水汽吸收作用强的波长上,相对误差也大;其次因素是太阳天顶角,太阳天顶角越大,该方法模拟所得太阳总辐射相对误差越大。研究为大气可降水量参数不确定性影响下太阳总辐射模拟的误差评估提供了依据。     

The effect of texture and irrigation on the soil moisture vertical-temporal variability in an urban artificial landscape: a case study of Olympic Forest Park in Beijing

Soil moisture variability in natural landscapes has been widely studied; however, less attention has been paid to its variability in the urban landscapes with respect to the possible influence of texture stratification and irrigation management. Therefore, a case study was carried out in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park to continuously monitor the soil in three typical profiles from 26 April to 11 November 2010. The texture stratification significantly affected the vertical distribution of moisture in the non-irrigated profile where moisture was mostly below field capacity. In the profile where irrigation was sufficient to maintain moisture above field capacity, gravity flow led to increased moisture with depth and thus eliminated the influence of texture. In the non-irrigated sites, the upper layer (above 80 cm) exhibited long-term moisture persistence with the time scale approximating the average rainfall interval. However, a coarse-textured layer weakened the influence of rainfall, and a fine-textured layer weakened the influence of evapotranspiration, both of which resulted in random noise-like moisture series in the deeper layers. At the irrigated site, frequent irrigation neutralized the influence of evapotranspiration in the upper layer (above 60 cm) and overshadowed the influence of rainfall in the deeper layer. As a result, the moisture level in the upper layer also behaved as a random noise-like series; whereas due to deep transpiration, the moisture of the deep layer had a persistence time-scale longer than a month, consistent with characteristic time-scales found for deep transpiration.     

包含外强迫因子的大气气溶胶数浓度的预测

利用慢特征分析(Slow Feature Analysis, SFA)方法提取大气气溶胶时间序列的外强迫因子信息,并将此外强迫因子信息嵌入到预测模式中,建立一个包含提取外强迫因子信息的预测模式.利用该方法对2011年6月1日至2011年9月14日黄山山底的每小时大气气溶胶数浓度时间序列进行预测试验分析.结果表明,当提前预报一步时,平稳性模式的预测结果与实际观测数据的相关系数为0.6982,而单一外强迫模式的相关系数为0.7390,强迫模式的相关系数是0.7475,外强迫的加入可以有效的提高预测技巧.